[68] Aurobindo described the text as a synthesis of various Yogas. This contrasts with a few competing schools of Indian religions which denied the concept of self, soul. Vallabha the proponent of "Suddhadvaita" or pure non-dualism, wrote a commentary on the Gita, the "Sattvadipika". [275], The Bhagavad Gita is referred to in the Brahma Sutras, and numerous scholars including Shankara, Bhaskara, Abhinavagupta of Shaivism tradition, Ramanuja and Madhvacharya wrote commentaries on it. In the first chapter, Arjuna feels that he is getting exactly the opposite of what he wanted out of life. [115] The war feels evil to Arjuna and he questions the morality of war. The Bhagavad-Gita (also known as Bhagavad-Gita, Bhagawadgita or simply as The Geeta) is a spiritual verse in Sanskrit language composed around the first century B.C to first century A.D. [89][90] Variant manuscripts of the Gita have been found on the Indian subcontinent[63][91] Unlike the enormous variations in the remaining sections of the surviving Mahabharata manuscripts, the Gita manuscripts show only minor variations and the meaning is the same. [102] He drops his bow, wonders if he should renounce and just leave the battlefield. No book was more central to Gandhi's life and thought that the Bhagavad Gita', which he referred to as his "spiritual dictionary". Therein, in the third section, the Gita forms chapters 23–40, that is 6.3.23 to 6.3.40. This dharma has "resonances at many different levels". [266] The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust associated with ISKCON has re-translated and published A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's 1972 English translation of the Gita in 56 non-Indian languages. [122], Some translators title the fourth chapter as Jñāna–Karma-Sanyasa yoga, The Religion of Knowledge, Wisdom in Action, or The Yoga of Renunciation of Action through Knowledge. [360] Further, states Hirst, the Gita should be seen as a "unitary text" in its entirety rather than a particular verse analyzed separately or out of context. [166][167] It accomplishes this synthesis by projecting the nirguna Brahman as higher than saguna or personalized Brahman, where the nirguna Brahman "exists when everything else does not", states Fowler. These are the most ancient religious texts which define truth for Hindus. It is not those who lack energy manus ca loka-bhrty-artham sutayeksvakave dadau Many authoritative commentaries, both ancient and recent, such as Shankara Bhashya, Ramanuja Bhashya, Madhva Bhashya, etc., commence their exposition of the Lord’s teachings from the second chapter, particularly from shloka 11, which is the first shloka spoken by Shri Krishna … Originally I wrote Bhagavad-gita As It Is in the form in which it is presented now. Art Gallery. [200], Sivananda's commentary regards the eighteen chapters of the Bhagavad Gita as having a progressive order, by which Krishna leads "Arjuna up the ladder of Yoga from one rung to another. More Information: Purchase the Book ... NowOnline. These are the three starting points for the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. He calls the Gita as "an epitome of the essentials of the whole Vedic teaching". The Indologist Robert Minor, and others,[web 1] in contrast, state the Gita is "more clearly defined as a synthesis of Vedanta, Yoga and Samkhya" philosophies of Hinduism. Vedanta commentators read varying relations between Self and Brahman in the text: Advaita Vedanta sees the non-dualism of Atman (soul) and Brahman (universal soul) as its essence,[6] whereas Bhedabheda and Vishishtadvaita see Atman and Brahman as both different and non-different, while Dvaita Vedanta sees dualism of Atman (soul) and Brahman as its essence. "[359], According to Jacqueline Hirst, the universalist neo-Hindu interpretations of dharma in the Gita is modernism, though any study of pre-modern distant foreign cultures is inherently subject to suspicions about "control of knowledge" and bias on the various sides. "[246]:518, According to Sargeant, the Gita is "said to have been translated at least 200 times, in both poetic and prose forms". Chapter 3: Karma-yoga Bg 3.23. [14][15] The Gita's call for selfless action inspired many leaders of the Indian independence movement including Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi; the latter referred to it as his "spiritual dictionary".[16]. [286][287], Madhva, a commentator of the Dvaita Vedanta school,[280] wrote a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, which exemplifies the thinking of the "dualist" school (Dvaita Vedanta). Keep Reasonable expectations from your Partner by Nitaisevini Mataji. Importance of the last thought before death, differences between material and spiritual worlds, and light and dark paths that a soul takes after death are described.[137]. [265] R. Raghava Iyengar translated the Gita into Tamil in sandam metre poetic form. So, the original and first version of Gita was narrated by the supreme lord more than 2 million years ago to mankind. A. [86] The Bhagavad Gita is a Brahmanical text which uses the shramanic and Yogic terminology to spread the Brahmanic idea of living according to one's duty or dharma, in contrast to the ascetic ideal of liberation by avoiding all karma. "[32] This attribution to Adi Shankara is unlikely in part because Shankara himself refers to the earlier commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita, and because other Hindu texts and traditions that compete with the ideas of Shankara refer to much older literature referencing the Bhagavad Gita, though much of this ancient secondary literature has not survived into the modern era. [44][note 7], According to Arthur Basham, the context of the Bhagavad Gita suggests that it was composed in an era when the ethics of war were being questioned and renunciation to monastic life was becoming popular. Talking about the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, Khattar said, “Due to Covid-19 situation, this year International Gita Mahotsav is being organised through digital medium so that we could achieve the objective of disseminating the teachings of Bhagavad Gita in every corner of the world.”. PREFACE The Bhagavad Gita, the greatest devotional book of Hinduism, has long been recognized as one of the world’s spiritual classics and a guide to all on the path of Truth. Scholars accept dates from the fifth century to the second century BCE as the probable range, the latter likely. He describes the difference between transient perishable physical body (kshetra) and the immutable eternal soul (kshetrajna). Each of these quarters is further arranged into "two metrical feet of four syllables each", state Flood and Martin. It openly synthesizes and inclusively accepts multiple ways of life, harmonizing spiritual pursuits through action (karma), knowledge (gyaana), and devotion (bhakti). [223], "The Field of Dharma" is also called the "Field of action" by Sri Aurobindo, a freedom fighter and philosopher. Author (here, Krishna) himself claims that the original science was not carried forward as it is by successive kings. [82], The Gita synthesizes several paths to spiritual realization based on the premise that people are born with different temperaments and tendencies (guna). [66] The text refrains from insisting on one right marg (path) to spirituality. There is a common misconception among many people that Bhagavad Gita and Mahabharata belong to only those practicing the Hindu religion. Arjuna requests Krishna to move the chariot between the two armies so he can see those "eager for this war". In this context, the Gita advises Arjuna to do his holy duty (sva-dharma) as a warrior, fight and kill. [160], Some translators title the chapter as Moksha–Sanyasa yoga, Religion by Deliverance and Renunciation, Freedom and Renunciation, or The Yoga of Liberation and Renunciation. [21] Krishna states that he is everywhere and in everything in an unmanifested form, yet he is not in any way limited by them. [31], Swami Vivekananda, the 19th-century Hindu monk and Vedantist, stated that the Bhagavad Gita may be old but it was mostly unknown in the Indian history till early 8th century when Adi Shankara (Shankaracharya) made it famous by writing his much-followed commentary on it. [357], Gandhi's view differed from Aurobindo's view. Two massive armies representing different loyalties and ideologies face a catastrophic war. [285] Ramanuja's disagreed with Adi Shankara's interpretation of the Gita as a text on nondualism (Self and Brahman are identical), and instead interpreted it as a form of dualistic and qualified monism philosophy (Vishishtadvaita). [204] Some, such as Adi Shankara, have considered its discussion in the 13th chapter of the Gita and elsewhere to be an integral part of the Jnana yoga. Each shloka line has two quarter verses with exactly eight syllables. [web 1][3][note 1] The Krishna–Arjuna dialogues cover a broad range of spiritual topics, touching upon ethical dilemmas and philosophical issues that go far beyond the war Arjuna faces. The fact remains that Mahabharata as found today with 100,000 verses was completed several centuries later by addition of many stories told by sages to their disciples. [171] In the Upanishads, this is the Brahmanical idea that all beings have a "permanent real self", the true essence, the soul it refers to as Atman (Self). [162] It begins with discussion of spiritual pursuits through sannyasa (renunciation, monastic life) and spiritual pursuits while living in the world as a householder. The actual dates of composition of the Gita remain unresolved. [3] The 4th chapter is the first time where Krishna begins to reveal his divine nature to Arjuna. [38][note 5], Theories on the date of the composition of the Gita vary considerably. – the First American Theistic Exibition – Back To Godhead", The Bhagavad Gita with Eleven Commentaries, "Bhagavad Gita The Song of God, Commentary by Swami Mukundananda", "Gita is India's biggest gift to the world: Modi", "Narendra Modi gifts Bhagavad Gita to Obama", "Dr Kalam, India's Most Non-Traditional President", "India was his Gurukul and its people, his shishyas", "J. Robert Oppenheimer on the Trinity test (1965)", "English rendering of Text of PM's speech at Unveiling ceremony of world's largest Bhagavad Gita", "PM attends Gita Aradhana Mahotsav at ISKCON, New Delhi", "Fanciful Visions on the Mahatma's Road to Truth and Simplicity", "Warrior Prince From India Wrestles With Destiny", Bhagvat Geeta – Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon by Charles Wilkins, Swami Vivekananda's travels in India (1888–1893), at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893), Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached, 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Swami Vivekanand University, Madhya Pradesh, Notes of Some Wanderings with the Swami Vivekananda, Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries, Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagavad_Gita&oldid=1000900269, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Winthrop Sargeant (Editor: Christopher K Chapple), Bhagavad Gita: Rhythm of Krishna (Gita in Rhymes), Chapters 1–6 = Karma yoga, the means to the final goal, Chapters 13–18 = Jnana yoga or knowledge, the goal itself, Purushottama (1668–1781 A.D), Vallabha's follower, also wrote a commentary on Bhagavadgita, Among notable modern commentators of the Bhagavad Gita are. B. van Buitenen, an Indologist known for his translations and scholarship on Mahabharata, the Gita is so contextually and philosophically well knit with the Mahabharata that it was not an independent text that "somehow wandered into the epic". The text states that combining "action with inner renunciation" with the love of Krishna as a personal God leads to peace. [240] Some of the ideas in the Bhagavad Gita connect it to the Shatapatha Brahmana of Yajurveda. "[354][note 25], Aurobindo modernises the concept of dharma and svabhava by internalising it, away from the social order and its duties towards one's personal capacities, which leads to a radical individualism,[357] "finding the fulfilment of the purpose of existence in the individual alone. Because of differences in recensions, the verses of the Gita may be numbered in the full text of the Mahabharata as chapters 6.25–42 or as chapters 6.23–40. [370] Their attempt was to present their "universalist religion". [25][29][30] The word Vyasa literally means "arranger, compiler", and is a surname in India. [70][71] It discusses whether one should renounce a householder lifestyle for a life as an ascetic, or lead a householder life dedicated to one's duty and profession, or pursue a householder life devoted to a personalized god in the revealed form of Krishna. Accordingly, the title has been interpreted as "the word of God" by the theistic schools,[17] "the words of the Lord",[18] "the Divine Song",[19][20] and "Celestial Song" by others. [321] Modi gave a copy of it to the then President of the United States of America, Barack Obama in 2014 during his U.S. According to Chatterjee, the Krishna's religion of Gita is "not so narrow-minded". [67] According to the Gita translator Radhakrishnan, quoted in a review by Robinson, Krishna's discourse is a "comprehensive synthesis" that inclusively unifies the competing strands of Hindu thought such as "Vedic ritual, Upanishadic wisdom, devotional theism and philosophical insight". A karma yogi finds such work inherently fulfilling and satisfying. [259][260][261] Some translations by Indians, with or without Western co-translators, have "orientalist", "apologetic", "Neo-Vedantin" or "guru phenomenon" bias. In 1808, passages from the Gita were part of the first direct translation of Sanskrit into German, appearing in a book through which Friedrich Schlegel became known as the founder of Indian philology in Germany. He states that the Gita was always a part of the Mahabharata, and dating the latter suffices in dating the Gita. Krishna states that his own highest nature is the imperishable Brahman, and that he lives in every creature as the adhyatman. 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