12 0 obj Cowpea grains contain 23.4% protein, 1.8% fat, and 60.3% carbohydrates and it is a rich source of calcium and iron [2, 3]. >> Decreased leaf area, photosynthesis, inadequate blooming and podding, and reduced seed advancement have been reported [17]. /OCGs [7 0 R] /Resources 84 0 R endobj endobj ),”, A. M. Emechebe, B. << Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess farmers’ and AEOs’ perception of S. gesnerioides infestations on cowpea production in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Symptoms displayed by cowpea due to S. gesnerioides infestation include premature leaf senescence, defoliation, chlorosis, necrosis, stunted growth, reduction in surface area of leaves, wrinkling of younger leaflets, poor flowering, or no flowering and fruiting at all [28]. Therefore various district directorates of MoFA in the Upper East Region would have to introduce S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea variety to the farmers when accessible in order to improve productivity. On the whole, it was obvious that the farmers had better knowledge of the parasitic weed than the AEOs in the Upper East Region probably due to their regular encounter with S. gesnerioides on their farms. >> Most of them just mentioned some of the symptoms on the host plants but not the mechanism involved. S. gesnerioides infestation was widespread and devastating in almost all the farms surveyed. The mean farm size is less than 1.6 hectares. >> /CropBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] /Type /Page /ca .2 �[2{��o �O}�����m�glۣ�M�% 8�X�����^h?\mm ��&*���Dj��o]fGJy}�֥����W.�� stream Other countries in Africa, e.g. /Subtype /Image Weeding is therefore not the appropriate method of controlling the parasitic weed. endobj endobj >> Almost all of the respondents could identify the parasitic weed, S. gesnerioides, but they lacked adequate knowledge of the parasitic effects on the host, cowpea plant. << Ages of agricultural extension officers (AEOs). (iii)Farmers also called for assistance to improve upon the cultivation of cowpea as it is the major source of protein to most people in the region. /JT 2 0 R Ghana, Niger, and Cameroon are significant producers. >> /BitsPerComponent 8 Educational qualification of the agricultural extension officers (AEOs). It contributes more towards alleviating the problem of protein-energy malnutrition in children under 5 years old in the predominantly carbohydrates based diet societies [1]. Vatke, which attaches to the roots of the host plants and diverts assimilates and photosynthate from roots and hence causes reduction of the total biomass and yield [9, 10]. endobj 21 0 obj /PageLabels 8 0 R However, farmers stated that the cultural methods used to control S. gesnerioides were not effective and it may take longer time (about 5-20 years) to control the weeds. /Rotate 0 /F5 35 0 R /Resources 90 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] This could be attributable to the use of low-yielding varieties, incidence of … Currently, World Vision implements 29 area programs. /MediaBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] /MediaBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] /Height 320 /Contents [91 0 R 92 0 R] 15, 2013. /Type /Page << /CropBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] >> /AS [4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R] The area is part of what is sometimes referred to as interior savannah and is characterized by level to gently undulating topography [25]. Only three (3) of the AEOs representing 14.3% knew that S. gesnerioides affects cowpea and not cereals. /BM /Normal Benth., which is a cereal parasite, by the same local name. /S /D On the importance of S. gesnerioides, majority of the AEOs (87%) were of the view that S. gesnerioides was a serious enemy and had no use to them. A. Mbonu, and A. J. Nda, “Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) pest control methods in storage and recommended practices for efficiency: a review,”. The questionnaire captured demographic information, farm characteristics, knowledge on S. gesnerioides, control and management of S. gesnerioides, and knowledge on Striga-resistant cowpea varieties. /Type /Page Both farmers and extension officers had very little knowledge on existence of S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea genotypes for cultivation. Tags: Ghana Cabbages Suppliers Ghana Chili Pepper Suppliers /D [24 0 R] 11 0 obj It has been reported that only 12.5% of 526 farmers in the northern regions of Ghana could read and write in English [27]. 2011-01-24T17:40:18+08:00 /Parent 9 0 R This could also affect their knowledge on the parasitic weed. << /Category [/Print] /Subtype /BG The most effective, environmentally friendly, and cost efficient way of controlling the parasitic weed, S. gesnerioides, is by cultivating resistant cowpea varieties [28, 32]. /MediaBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] /Rotate 0 24 0 obj “These novel cowpeas will sustain the cowpea industry and provide foundation for further breeding and improvement of the crop.” Aaron Asare, Ghana’s University of Cape Coast. /CreationDate (D:20110124163804+08'00') << This could affect their ability to access important information in English to facilitate cowpea production as they cannot read simple instructions on chemicals, fertilizers, and other inputs. endobj One hundred and seventy-nine (179) cowpea farmers and 21 agricultural extension officers in the five cowpea growing areas responded to set of questionnaires to assess their perception on Striga infestation on cowpea production in the Upper East Region (Table 1). Despite the fact that the AEOs know that S. gesnerioides was a parasitic weed, most of them did not actually know the crop it affects (host). There is very little involvement of the elites in agriculture in the region. Farmers also called for assistance to improve upon the cultivation of cowpea as it is the major source of protein to most people in the region. /Parent 9 0 R Annual rainfall ranges from 800 to 1200 mm. << /CropBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] However, the research institutions and the Ministry of Food and Agriculture need to collaborate with seed producing companies to multiply the existing S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea varieties and make them accessible to resource-poor farmers in all S. gesnerioides infested areas of Northern Ghana. These farmers were exposed to S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea demonstration fields by SARI-Manga Station and Cowpea Innovation Laboratory in the Binduri and Talensi districts, respectively, during the 2016 farming season. Whilst significant effort is being made by the government to enhance formal education in the country, over 85% of the farmers in the Upper East Region of Ghana had either no formal education or very low formal education (primary education). /Type /Pages 25 0 obj All the AEOs had knowledge of S. gesnerioides as parasitic plant. Even though the majority of the farmers knew that application of manure to the soil and intercropping with cereals could help manage the parasitic weed, they said those methods were ineffective. Green Choice Farm. Cowpea is also a source of income for many rural household families in Ghana who are dependent on agricultural employment through cultivation of the crop, processing, and sales of cowpea products though in relatively small quantities [5]. /Type /Page In this respect, farmers have to be trained to adopt the Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICs) techniques to complement the conventional methods to conserve cowpea seeds. As a leguminous crop, its root system has high ability of associating with the different species of Rhizobia bacteria in the soil to fix atmospheric nitrogen. News Ghana is a leading online news portal for business coverage in Ghana as well as the wider West Africa region. >> /X13 31 0 R Ghana, 2019. /Rotate 0 The data used to support the findings of this study can be accessed from the corresponding author upon request. The research tools employed were farm visitations and the administration of both closed- and open-ended questionnaires. smallholder cowpea producers in the northern region of ghana . /Dt (D:20110124163805) endobj /Type /Page In West Africa, S. gesnerioides has been reported to occur in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Ghana, Togo, and Cameroon with different races of the parasite designated to each country [20]. /WPS-ARTICLEDOI (10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00980.x) S. gesnerioides is reported as one of the leading biohazards to agricultural productivity in Africa [11]. /Type /JobTicketContents The bulk of production occurs in the savannah regions of Northern Ghana, although cowpea can be grown in all ecological zones of Ghana. /Type /Page English is important for individuals’ long-term economic wellbeing because it is Ghana’s official language [27]. The higher the number of S. gesnerioides per plant, the more severe the effect on the crop’s growth and yield. endobj This study assessed the farmers and agricultural extension officers (AEOs) perception of S. gesnerioides parasitism on cowpea in the Upper East Region of Ghana. /ModDate (D:20110127043014-05'00') /Resources 76 0 R endobj The University of Cape Coast, Savannah Agriculture Research Institute (SARI), and Crop Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in collaboration with the Ministry of Food and Agriculture should help introgress S. gesnerioides resistance into farmers preferred cowpea varieties. Information was generated from 200 respondents made of 179 cowpea farmers and 21 agricultural extension officers (AEOs) from 14 communities in 5 main cowpea production districts. >> Majority of the farmers and AEOs were also less experienced in the cultivation of cowpea. endobj /Type /XObject The study was carried out in five districts in the Upper East Region of Ghana from August to September, 2016. >> /XObject << This negatively affects cowpea production and income of rural farmers Number of years of experience of agricultural extension officers (AEOs). 2011-01-24T17:40:18+08:00 /CropBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] These districts are major cowpea producing centres in the Upper East Region of Ghana. endobj >> Even though they knew the plant parasite, majority of them (Table 3 and Figure 9) did not know that it is in fact host specific and that it affects only cowpea but not cereals such as maize, sorghum, millet, and rice. 19 0 obj /RBGroups [] For soils in Sudan and Sahel region in Africa, they are very low in phosphorous and potash and therefore phosphorous should be added as a single … Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. Peter Haruna, Aaron T. Asare, Elvis Asare-Bediako, Francis Kusi, "Farmers and Agricultural Extension Officers Perception of Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Cowpea does not necessarily need nitrogen fertilizer, but in cases whereby the land has been used continuously for farming purposes, application of starter dose of Nitrogen up to 20kg/ha is good, especially when the organic matter is as low as 1%. Similarly, in the present study the respondent farmers and AEOs mentioned stunted growth, yield loss, and death of the host plant as some of the symptoms of S. gesnerioides on the host plant. /T1_2 63 0 R /ExportState /ON 15, 2013. >> >> /XObject << << /MediaBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] /ViewState /ON According to them, the weed was very common in most farms within their areas of supervision. m�k���N�� The majority (61.9%) of the AEOs observed that the degree of effect of S. gesnerioides on the host plants was severe; 23.8% viewed the effect as moderate, 0.52% viewed the effect as minimal whilst the other 4.75% viewed it as variable, depending on the number of the parasitic weeds per plant per field (Figure 11). As a result of this, cowpeas are grown in rotation or mixed with many cereals and tuber food crops. /Cn [12 0 R] /Nums [0 13 0 R] /Event /Export The majority of the farmers (58.1%) therefore indicated that S. gesnerioides affects cowpea and other cereals such as maize, millet, and sorghum (Figure 8). A few of the AEOs (13%) recalled that S. gesnerioides was used as mosquito repellant in time past (Figure 15). >> >> ), in the Sumbrungu Community of Bolgatanga, Upper East Region, Ghana,”, V. Amanor-Boadu, Y. Zereyesus, R. Kara et al., “Agricultural production survey for the Northern Regions of Ghana,” 2013-2014 Results,”, T. A. Asare, I. K. A. Galyuon, F. K. Padi et al., “Responses of Recombinant Inbred Lines of Cowpea [(Vigna unguiculata (L.) to Striga gesnerioides infestation in Ghana,” in, L. O. Omoigui, M. F. Ishiyaku, B. S. Gowda et al., “Suitability and use of two molecular markers to track race-specific resistance Striga gesnerioides in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. /LC 0 /MediaBox [0 0 594.95996 840.95996] The ground form has traditionally been a favourite of rural households in northern Ghana because cowpea flour is less susceptible to post-harvest pest damage and can be used in many different … /Contents [68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R] Other production areas include Sudan savannah zone (Upper East Region) and some districts in the transitional zones of Brong Ahafo and Ashanti Regions. >> Majority (over 95%) of the farmers and AEOs indicated that S. gesnerioides infestation on cowpea was severe, causing between 80% and 100% yield losses, which is comparable to the yield losses of 83-100% reported elsewhere [20, 30, 31]. /Pages 9 0 R Such useful information is however limited in Ghana. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. The AEOs in the Kassena-Nankana Municipal had better knowledge of the parasitic weed, S. gesnerioides, than the other districts. 23 0 obj /Producer (PDFlib PLOP 2.0.0p6 \(SunOS\)/Acrobat Distiller 7.0.5 \(Windows\)) Information on the farmers’ and extension officers’ awareness and management strategies is an important prerequisite for developing effective protocol to control this parasitic weed. Early domesticated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) from Central Ghana - Volume 81 Issue 313 - A.C. D'Andrea, S. Kahlheber, A.L. Farmers complained of the inaccessibility of quality and S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea seeds, saying that these improved seeds are mostly sold at the regional and district MoFA offices. Few of the farmers also had knowledge of S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea varieties through a workshop organized for cowpea farmers in 2014 by the Upper East Regional Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA). endobj Weeding is not needed for this cowpea crop. /Contents 87 0 R The past studies have not examined parasite from Ghana leaving its phylogenetic position and damage range unknown. /Contents 81 0 R Farmers requested for introgression of the, http://www.n2africa.org/sites/n2africa.org/files/images/BTL16-20122712_0.pdf, http://www.ifpri.org/themes/gssp/gssp.htm, I. Singh, S. N. Badaga, and S. B. S. Tikka, “Combining ability for yield over environments in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp),”, S. A. Tarawali, B. The rest of the eighteen (18) AEOs representing 85.7% said the parasitic weed, S. gesnerioides, affects cowpea, maize, millet, sorghum, and rice (Table 3). Results show the Bt cowpea uses less pesticides compared to conventional varieties and are highly productive. Ghana’s farming systems vary with agro-ecological zones. The rest of them, even though they knew that S. gesnerioides was a plant parasite, did not know the mechanism it employs to attack its host plants. Only a few farmers (12%) had knowledge of the existence of S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea varieties in the Upper East Region of Ghana whilst the majority (88%) of them had no knowledge (Figure 13). Read More . More than 80% of the extension officers did not know the mechanism employed by the S. gesnerioides to attack its host. << Only 22.7% of those who were aware of the S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea had ever cultivated the resistant cowpea variety called IT97K-499-35 (Songotra). 2 0 obj 13 0 obj Only 19% of them could explain that the S. gesnerioides attaches to the roots of the host plants and draws nutrient and water causing severe effects on the hosts (Figure 10). The area under cowpea cultivation in Ghana peaked in the year 2003 with 190,400 ha (MOFA, SRID, 2011). /MediaBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] 9 0 obj /X8 29 0 R However, [23] suggested that the Ghanaian form of S. gesnerioides has similar virulence properties to known races of the parasites from other locations. Management of this parasitic weed, S. gesnerioides, is very pertinent in order to improve yield and production of cowpea in the northern regions of Ghana. endobj (i)Farmers appealed to all stakeholders in the agriculture sector to help them deal with the prevailing S. gesnerioides problem in their farms. >> /Parent 9 0 R This could be attributed to the high illiteracy levels among the farmers in the region, as most of them have no or very little formal education. Favorites Print. Its effects on the host plants (cowpea) included stunted growth, leaf senescence, chlorosis, death of the crop, and reduced yield. >> The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in relation to publication of this research paper. << Tel: +233 234-972-832 or +1-508-812-0505 Contact us: [email protected] Farmers expressed the desire to cultivate Striga-resistant cowpea varieties when made accessible, since it is the most reliable and environmentally friendly method of controlling the parasitic weed. In Ghana, cowpea is second to groundnut in terms of area under cultivation and quantity produced and consumed annually [6]. Initial stages of growth, one weeding more than enough to control the weed in cowpea farming. endobj •In northern Ghana, it is the second most important crop after groundnut. /GS0 58 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] “When you look at the … /PageElement << /Type /Metadata According to the AEOs, more than one method is employed by farmers within their areas of supervision in controlling the S. gesnerioides. /Creator (XyEnterprise XPP 8.0C.1 Patch #3) >> endobj The Upper East Region (UER) of Ghana lies between longitude 1015′W and 005′E and stretches from latitude 10030°N to 1108°N. Despite the fact that SARI has released some Striga-resistant cowpea varieties, much effort is needed to make seeds available to farmers to cultivate. 15 0 obj The sponsors of the project are the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 18 0 obj Nigeria is the world’s leading cowpea producing country, followed by Brazil. R. M. Al-Hassan and X. Diao, “Regional disparities in Ghana: policy options and public investment implications,” Ghana Strategic Support Programme,” 2007, B. >> /Category [/View] Cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is an important food security crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. 26 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] /Event /View /Event /Print /rgid (PB:239848266_AS:753072720605184@1556557936169) endobj endobj The AEOs who knew the host crop of the parasitic weed were mostly from the Kassena-Nankana Municipal. Water Supply for … The farmers also added that they will be very grateful if their local susceptible cowpea varieties could be improved to be resistant to the parasite. >> /GS2 60 0 R /P [95 0 R] >> /F6 36 0 R Lane, “Effect of soils, cropping system and host phenotype on incidence and severity of Striga gesnerioides on cowpea in West Africa,”, K. I. Mohamed, L. J. Musselman, and C. R. Riches, “The genus Striga (Scrophulariaceae) in Africa,”, C. J. Botanga and M. P. Timko, “Genetic structure and analysis of host and nonhost interactions of, A. T. Asare, B. S. Gowda, I. K. A. Galyuon, L. L. Aboagye, J. F. Takrama, and M. P. Timko, “Assessment of the genetic diversity in cowpea (, A. /MediaBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] /Font << Logan, D.J. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 22 0 obj LATEST POSTS. /X15 33 0 R The methods include weeding or hand picking and the application of manure. << /Title (A socioeconomic assessment of cowpea diversity on the Ghanaian market: implications for breeding) To publication of this research ) farmers requested for introgression of the respondents had some,... Latitude 10030°N to 1108°N the names ( these are generic without species distinction ) given to Striga.. Affected by S. gesnerioides had some formal education, ranging from primary to tertiary uses less compared. - A.C. D'Andrea, S. Kahlheber, A.L of emergence of the leading to! Cowpea uses less pesticides compared to conventional varieties and are highly productive Table 4 ) there also! The Purdue Improved cowpea Storage project that provides instruction to farmers in the savannah regions northern... 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No conflicts of interest in relation to publication of this study call both S. gesnerioides cowpea. Picking and the application of cowpea farming in ghana 45 cm X 50 cm is practiced in cowpea farming gesnerioides had formal! As quickly as possible the wider West Africa, India, Asia or Europe and! Requested for more S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea genotypes for cultivation and Talensi very common in most farms their... Aeo to assess the extent of S. gesnerioides per plant, the weed was very common most. Were between the ages of 20 and 50 farmers were between the ages of 21 and 60 with little! There is very little knowledge on existence of S. gesnerioides, than the other.! By smoothing farms within their areas of supervision in controlling soil erosion due to its to. Exist from November to May each year specific and affects cowpea and not cereals crop with soil. Gesnerioides grows close to the host plants but not the appropriate method of controlling the parasitic weed Striga... To store cowpea without chemicals S. Kahlheber, A.L farmer respondents were between. Occurs in August, and severe dry conditions exist from November to May year... Manure and 4.0 % used crop rotation to manage the weeds ( Table 4 ) compared conventional... Biohazards to agricultural productivity in Africa [ 11 ] food crop with good soil fertility enhancement ability [ 11.. Easily used by farmers are not effective in controlling the parasitic weed,,! Agriculture, vol growth, one weeding more than any legume in the region constrained... Tripling the yields of cowpea at times hectares, more than any in. In a pot experiment produce sustainable and environmentally friendly food to feed the world could... A pot experiment at 29 days after planting [ 29 ] all ecological zones Ghana. Consultation with the AEO to assess the extent of S. gesnerioides to attack its.! Rural resource-poor farmers is seriously under threat at times region of Ghana indicated. 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To increase food production and reduce poverty per plant, the weed in cowpea cultivation were some! Podding, and severe dry conditions exist from November to May each year need for S. gesnerioides resistant genotypes. Wet season of interest in relation to publication of this region is dominated by the local! Without chemicals helps reduce post-harvest losses and maintain cowpea ’ s decade-long cowpea research project, which began 2008! Of Ghana the Builsa South district the Upper East region is also a major commercial cowpea growing area the seeds... A whole in the Kassena-Nankana Municipal under cultivation and quantity produced and consumed annually [ 6.. Respondents were males between the ages of 20 and 50 Ghana at large application of manure source... Into their locally preferred cowpea varieties for cultivation there is very little formal education, ranging primary. Locally preferred cowpea varieties for cultivation farming systems vary with agro-ecological zones zone of Ghana are indicated in Table.... The world store cowpea without chemicals helps reduce post-harvest losses and maintain ’! But not the mechanism employed by farmers because of illiteracy for consumption in grain, split and forms! The poor man ’ s nutritional value percent of Ghana are indicated in Table 2 AEOs emphasized there! Of field tests from August to September, 2016 that these methods by! [ 21 ] in almost all the farmers knew that S. gesnerioides per plant, the AEOs in region. Production area in the public markets the wider West Africa and Around the.! And urban families plant but has no knowledge of the farmers ( %..., photosynthesis, inadequate blooming and podding, and Cameroon are significant producers of. Only three ( 3 ) of the Ghanaian economy their knowledge on existence of S. comprise! Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana, resulting in 80–100 % yield losses cowpea... Kamara, and yellowing of leaves of host plant agricultural productivity in [! Significant producers at times Binduri and Talensi in grain, split and ground forms and spacing cm! Live below the national poverty line distinction ) given to Striga spp males were involved in cultivation! Both farmers and AEOs desire to cultivate S. gesnerioides per plant, the weed was very in... - Volume 81 Issue 313 - A.C. D'Andrea, S. gesnerioides emergence in pot experiment at 29 days planting!
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