# emilie du chatelet civ 6

Du Châtelet also liked to dance, was a passable performer on the harpsichord, sang opera, and was an amateur actress. Two other brothers died very young. Lycée Emilie du Châtelet. [19], In 1737 Châtelet published a paper entitled Dissertation sur la nature et la propagation du feu,[20] based upon her research into the science of fire, that predicted what is today known as infrared radiation and the nature of light. London 55 (2) (2001) , 227 - 245 . This article is a stub. Du Châtelet was eighteen at the time, her husband thirty-four. .). Undeterred, she simply had some men's clothing made for herself and strolled back in. Civilization Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Back to Great Generals Marina Raskova is a Modern Era Great General in Civilization VI. J P Zinsser, Emilie du Chatelet : genius, gender and intellectual authority, in Hilda L Smith, Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition (Cambridge, 1998), 168-190. {\displaystyle E} Emilie du Châtelet offers an interesting and unusual account of the origin of our representation of extension. There she studied physics and mathematics and published scientific articles and translations. The collision and scattering of two point masses is one of them. Savater, Fernando (16 d'avientu de 2006). ... “Du Châtelet’s father, luckily, doted on his sole daughter. On 12 June 1725, she married the Marquis Florent-Claude du Chastellet-Lomont. In that way, Du Châtelet rejects John Locke's aversion of innate ideas and prior principles. "[18] Her critique on Locke originates in her Bernard de Mandeville commentary [on the Fable of the Bees]. Based on the life and writings of Marquise Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), the work premiered at the Opéra de Lyon, France, on 1 March 2010, with Finnish soprano Karita Mattila, its dedicatee, in the title role. […] Du Châtelet claims the necessity of a universal presupposition, because if there is no such beginning, all our knowledge is relative. Her accomplishments and achievements have often been subsumed under his, and as a result, even today she is often mentioned only within the context of Voltaire's life and work during the period of the early French Enlightenment. They set up a laboratory in Du Châtelet's home. She rebuts the claim to finding truth by using mathematical laws, […] and argues against Maupertuis. Retire effect ↵ It was in 1733, when she was again in Semur pregnant with her second son, that Emilie became interested in mathematics. Dezember 1706 in Paris; 10. Descartes famously writes in the preface to the Principlesthat “the whole of philosophy is like a tree. However, their friendship developed from May 1733 when she re-entered society after the birth of her third child. She was 42. Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil1 est la fille de Louis Nicolas Le Tonnelier, baron de Breteuil, introducteur des Ambassadeurs de Louis XIV et de Gabrielle Anne de Froulay, Émilie vit dans un milieu ouvert ; ses parents recevaient en effet Fontenelle et le poète Jean-Baptiste Rousseau dans leur salon parisien et elle connut ceux-ci dès lenfance. The roots aremetaphysics, the trunk is physics, and the branches emerging from thetrunk are all the other special sciences, which may be reduced to threeprincipal ones, namely medicine, mechanics, and morals” (ATVIIIa, 14; CSM 1, 186). Her unit provides +5 Combat Strength and +1 Movement to Modern and Atomic era land unit within 2 tiles. Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, markiza du Châtelet, pogosto Émilie du Châtelet, francoska matematičarka in fizičarka, * 17. december 1706, Pariz, † 10. september 1749, Lunéville.. Življenje. Qui fut le marquis de Saint-Lambert (1716 – 1803) pour Émilie ? In doing so, she became the first person in history to elucidate the concept of energy as such, and to quantify its relationship to mass and velocity based on her own empirical studies. Simply put, there is no 'momentum friction' and momentum can not transfer between different forms, and particularly there is no potential momentum. Her daughter died 20 months later. {\displaystyle v} : Peter Lang, 2004, p. 329-343. She was also tutored by Bernoulli's prodigy students, Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis and Alexis Claude Clairaut. Émilie du Châtelet [2], Her father was Louis Nicolas le Tonnelier de Breteuil, a member of the lesser nobility. Gabrielle Emilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil was born in Paris in 1706 AD to a well-connected, noble family – her father the baron was a favorite of Louis XIV – and had every privilege a little girl could want. Jälkipolvet muistavat hänet etenkin suhteesta Voltaireen.Hän ei ollut ainoastaan Newtonin Principia Mathematican ranskantaja vaan myös uuden fysiikan airuita Ranskassa However, her younger brother, Elisabeth-Théodore, lived to a successful old age, becoming an abbé and eventually a bishop. Cynthia J. Huffman Ph.D., Pittsburg State University Follow. The action of Alzire-in Lima, Peru, at the time of the Spanish conquest--brings out the moral superiority of a humanitarian civilization over methods of brute force. Her most recognized achievement is her translation of and commentary on Isaac Newton's 1687 book Principia containing basic laws of physics. Introduced in Civilization VI In addition to producing famous translations of works by authors such as Bernard Mandeville and Isaac Newton, Du Châtelet wrote a number of significant philosophical essays, letters and books that were well known in her time. [11], Du Châtelet may have met Voltaire in her childhood at one of her father's salons; Voltaire himself dates their meeting to 1729, when he returned from his exile in London. When she was small, her father arranged training for her in physical activities such as fencing and riding, and as she grew older, he brought tutors to the house for her. [3], Du Châtelet's education has been the subject of much speculation, but nothing is known with certainty. On one occasion at the Café Gradot, a place where men frequently gathered for intellectual discussion, she was politely ejected when she attempted to join one of her teachers. References During the 1700s, women also had very limited education. [24][25], In 1749, the year of Du Châtelet's death, she completed the work regarded as her outstanding achievement: her translation into French, with her commentary, of Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (often referred to as simply the Principia), including her derivation of the notion of conservation of energy from its principles of mechanics. A Tribute to David Williams from his friends. Upon publication, the latter became the definitive edition across Europe. 1701), and Elisabeth-Théodore (b. This led to her conceptualization of energy as such, and to derive its quantitative relationships to the mass and velocity of an object. Foppens, 1741. Wikimedia Commons tien conteníu multimedia tocante a Émilie du Châtelet Emilie du Chatelet. September 1749 in Lunéville), bekannt als Émilie du Châtelet, war eine französische Mathematikerin, Physikerin, Philosophin und Übersetzerin der frühen Aufklärung. [22], Immanuel Kant's first publication in 1747 'Gedanken zur wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte' focuses on Du Châtelet's pamphlet against the secretary of the French Academy of Sciences, Mairan. [5] As a result, by the age of twelve she was fluent in Latin, Italian, Greek and German; she was later to publish translations into French of Greek and Latin plays and philosophy. To judge from Voltaire's letters to friends and their commentaries on each other's work, they lived together with great mutual liking and respect. Newton's work assumed the exact conservation of only mechanical momentum. Ed. Emilie du Chatelet is one of the Great People specifically a Great Scientist in Civilization VI. Sign In. In the early nineteenth century, a French pamphlet of celebrated women (Femmes célèbres) introduced a possibly apocryphal story of Du Châtelet's childhood. 4 (2013): 669. Terry Pratt and David McCallam. At nunc si ad aliquem bene nummatum tumentemque ideo honestus advena salutatum introieris, primitus tamquam exoptatus suscipieris et interrogatus multa coactusque mentiri, miraberis numquam antea visus summatem virum tenuem te sic enixius observantem, ut paeniteat ob haec bona tamquam praecipua non vidisse ante decennium Romam. As a literary rather than scientific person, Voltaire implicitly acknowledged her contributions to his 1738 Elements of the Philosophy of Newton, where the chapters on optics show strong similarities with her own Essai sur l'optique. (2006). Adam Smith is an Industrial Era Great Merchant in Civilization VI. The Center presents the First Digital and the First Historical-Critical Edition of Émilie Du Châtelet's Early Works. He introduced Du Châtelet to Leibniz's philosophy by sending her the works of Christian Wolff, and Du Châtelet sent him a copy of her Institutions. [1] Du Châtelet also had an illegitimate half-sister, Michelle, who was born of her father and Anne Bellinzani, an intelligent woman who was interested in astronomy and married to an important Parisian official. She also wrote works on optics, rational linguistics, and the nature of free will. Letters written by Du Châtelet explain how she felt during the transition from Parisian socialite to rural scholar, from "one life to the next. https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Emilie_Du_Chatelet_(Civ6)?oldid=277140. This activity was originally created for a Women in Mathematics course to provide students with a small taste of some basic mathematics connected to work of Émilie du Châtelet. Du Châtelet wrote a monograph, Discours sur le bonheur, on the nature of happiness both in general and specialised to women. Activate on an appropriate tile to receive their effects. E Posthumously, her ideas were heavily represented in the most famous text of the French Enlightenment, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, first published shortly after du Châtelet's death. Émilie du Châtelet was born on 17 December 1706 in Paris, the only girl amongst six children. Enllaces esternos. Icon Du Châtelet presented a spirited point by point rebuttal of de Mairan's arguments, causing him to withdraw from the controversy. Fièrement propulsé par - Conçu par Thème Hueman - Conçu par Thème Hueman In The Enterprise of Enlightenment. At the time of Du Châtelet's birth, her father held the position of the Principal Secretary and Introducer of Ambassadors to King Louis XIV. Authors. [5] While some sources believe her mother did not approve of her intelligent daughter, or of her husband's encouragement of Émilie's intellectual curiosity,[5] there are also other indications that her mother not only approved of Du Châtelet's early education, but actually encouraged her to vigorously question stated fact.[6]. Register. Charges 8. Soc. 6. Among those, Voltaire – who wrote to Frederick II of Prussia that she was “a great man whose only fault was being a woman” – and the mathematician de Maupertuis and the philosopher de la Mettrie. As a teenager, short of money for books, she used her mathematical skills to devise highly successful strategies for gambling.[5]. Last Edited: 9 Dec 2016 3:08 am. [12], Sharing a passion for science, Voltaire and Du Châtelet collaborated scientifically. Triggers the Eureka for 3 random technologies from the Renaissance or Industrial era. Émilie Du Châtelet juga dianggap sebagai satu-satunya wanita Prancis pada masa itu, yang menekuni bakatnya dengan serius di bidang matematika dan fisika. From Civilization VI Wiki. Emilie du Chatelet - Civilization 6 (VI) Wiki. This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 17:44. 1698), Charles-Auguste (b. J P Zinsser, Translating Newton's Principia : the Marquise du Châtelet's revisions and additions for a French audience, Notes and Records Roy. Notes Why is this significant? Née le 17 décembre 1706 (vendredi) Décédée le 10 août 1749 (dimanche) - Lunéville, 54,à l'âge de 42 ans; Mathématicienne; Although neither of them won, both essays received honourable mention and were published. Her last lover, the soldier-poet de Saint-Lambert, was father to her last child; Emilie du Chatelet died in 1749 a week after giving birth. For the first years of her marriage, the new marquise lived a very traditional life: managed the household in Semur, bore a daughter and two sons, and when appropriate enjoyed all the pleasures of Paris. Comment Voltaire surnommait-il Émilie du Châtelet ? [10], In 1733, aged 26, Du Châtelet resumed her mathematical studies. Gamepedia. Futuristic people, living ahead of their times were often born with the Sun, Moon or inner planets square to the Moon’s Nodes. Imprimer son arbre (Marie Emilie Le TONNELIER de BRETEUIL) Madame du Chatelet VIP Sciences. Frederick the Great of Prussia, who re-founded the Academy of Sciences in Berlin, was her great admirer, and corresponded with both Voltaire and Du Châtelet regularly. Inspired by the theories of Gottfried Leibniz, she repeated and publicized an experiment originally devised by Willem 's Gravesande in which balls were dropped from different heights into a sheet of soft clay. Emilie Du Chatelet – The Woman Science Forgot. 77 700 SERRIS 01.64.63.06.36 ce.0772688D@ac-creteil.fr. In her first independent work, the preface to her translation of the Fable of the Bees, du Châtelet argues strongly for women's education, particularly a strong secondary education as was available for young men in the French collèges. ECC Portuguese Translators Cooperation between the Federal Universities of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and the University of Paderborn, Dr Katarina Peixoto, Dr Pedro Pricladnitzky and Professor Edgar Marques contributed up to 70 Portuguese translations for the ECC Du Châtelet translated The Fable of the Bees in a free adaptation. Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet (Parijs, 17 december 1706 – Lunéville, 10 september 1749) was een Franse wiskundige, natuurkundige en schrijfster tijdens de Verlichting.Ze vertaalde Principia Mathematica van Isaac Newton in het Frans en voorzag het van commentaar. Published ten years after her death, today Du Châtelet's translation of the Principia is still the standard translation of the work into French. Emilie du Chatelet, the woman history forgot. Emilie du Chatelet had an education that was uncommon for women in this time. Leonhard Euler and Joseph-Louis Lagrange established a more formal framework for mechanics using the results of du Châtelet. She confronts us with her resolute statement in favor of universal principles which precondition human knowledge and action, and maintains that this kind of law is innate. As a wedding gift, the husband was made governor of Semur-en-Auxois in Burgundy by his father; the recently married couple moved there at the end of September 1725. The book and subsequent debate contributed to her becoming a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1746. [17], In her writing, Du Châtelet criticizes John Locke's philosophy. Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, markiisitar du Châtelet (17. joulukuuta 1706 Pariisi – 10. syyskuuta 1749 Lunéville) oli valistuksen ajan ranskalainen matemaatikko, fyysikko ja kirjailija. Neither wealthy nor financially secure, Adam Smith nevertheless had a profound effect on world economics. Since 2016, the French Society of Physics (la Société Française de Physique) has awarded the Emilie Du Châtelet Prize to a physicist or team of researchers for excellence in Physics. On the night of 4 September 1749 she gave birth to a daughter, Stanislas-Adélaïde. Gemeinsam mit Voltaire verfasste sie die Elemente der Philosophie Newtons. [8] Victor-Esprit died as an infant in late summer 1734, likely the last Sunday in August. D. W. Smith, "Nouveaux regards sur la brève rencontre entre Mme Du Châtelet et Saint-Lambert." "Two and two could then make as well 4 as 6 if E Great Scientist of the Renaissance Era Marina Raskova can be retired on an Aerodrome District to increase its air unit capacity by +1. However by 1735 Du Châtelet had turned for her mathematical training to Alexis Clairaut, a mathematical prodigy known best for Clairaut's equation and Clairaut's theorem. {\displaystyle m} Perhaps most intriguingly, many of her ideas were represented in various sections of the Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert, and some of the articles in the Encyclopédie are a direct copy of her work (this is an active area of current academic research - the latest research can be found at Project Vox, a Duke University research initiative). Activated Effect (1 charge): +1 Economic policy slot in any government. 6 Cool Things to Know About Emilie du Châtelet. Her works were published and republished in Paris, London, and Amsterdam; they were translated into German and Italian; and, they were discussed in the most important scholarly journals of the era, including the Memoires des Trévoux, the Journal des Sçavans, the Göttingische Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachen, and others. 4 Recently, however, professional philosophers and historians[citation needed] have transformed the reception of Du Châtelet. A broad range of mechanical problems are soluble only if energy conservation is included. 1 Help . Each ball's kinetic energy - as indicated by the quantity of material displaced - was shown to be proportional to the square of the velocity. Émilie du Châtelet marcó a toda una generación de matemáticos y físicos franceses, al tiempo que sus ideas filosóficas la convirtieron en una figura clave de la Ilustración europea. Hči Louisa Nicolasa Le Tonneliera, barona de Breteuil, šefa diplomatskega protokola (Introducteur des Ambassadeurs) na dvoru Ludvika XIV. [5] Du Châtelet's mother, Gabrielle-Anne de Froulay, was brought up in a convent, at the time the predominant educational institution available to French girls and women. 4 (December 1, 2016): 2-3. Consultáu'l 23 de xunetu de 2011. The ideals of her works spread from the ideals of individual empowerment to issues of the social contract. The Marquis du Chatelet brought prestige… but little else. {\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}} Historical evidence indicates that Du Châtelet's work had a very significant influence on the philosophical and scientific conversations of the 1730s and 1740s – in fact, she was famous and respected by the greatest thinkers of her time. In a letter to a friend she confided her fears that she would not survive her pregnancy. Through the rest of the 1730s and 1740s, she continued to read, study, and write, even while caring for her husband, children, and several lovers. [26], She lost the considerable sum for the time of 84,000 francs—some of it borrowed—in one evening at the table at the Court of Fontainebleau, to card cheats. Download Full Text (596 KB) Description. Growing up in a middle-class, musically-inclined family in Stalin’s Russia was no easy thing. She is an idealist about the essence extension, bodies and space, regarding them as mental constructs. Dortous de Mairan, secretary of the Academy of Sciences, had published a set of arguments addressed to her regarding the appropriate mathematical expression for forces vives. Back to Great Scientists Emilie Du Chatelet is a Renaissance Era Great Scientist in Civilization VI. Emilie Du Chatelet Scientists. [7][note 1] Her marriage conferred the title of Marquise du Chastellet. Indeed, her writings on optics, grammar, and a critical commentary on the Old and New Testaments were almost as famous as her scandalous affairs. Little is known of her early education (it was likely whatever was appropriate for girls at the time), but when she was 18, the baron arranged for his only daughter to marry into one of the oldest bloodlines in Lorraine. After Adélaïde du Guesclin (1734), a play about a national tragedy, he brought Alzire to the stage in 1736 with great success. Du Châtelet corresponded with renowned mathematicians such as Johann II Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler, early developers of calculus. She emphasizes the necessity of the verification of knowledge through experience: "Locke's idea of the possibility of thinking matter is […] abstruse. Du Châtelet is often represented in portraits with mathematical iconography, such as holding a pair of dividers or a page of geometrical calculations. «Madame Voltaire». 2 [9] On 4 September 1749 Émilie du Châtelet gave birth to Stanislas-Adélaïde du Châtelet (daughter of Jean François de Saint-Lambert). Download. She received education in mathematics, literature, and science. Émilie du Châtelet (17 December 1706 – 10 September 1749) wis a French noblewoman an wis best known for her Translation o Newton's Principia intae French, natural philosophy that combines Newtonian physics with Leibnizian metaphysics, and advocacy of Newtonian Pheesics.She died in chidbirth in Lunéville, Lorraine in 1749 2 See also Anne Soprani, ed., Mme Du Châtelet, Lettres d'amour au marquis de Saint-Lambert, Paris, 1997. quoted in Ruth Hagengruber, "Emilie du Châtelet Between Leibniz and Newton: The Transformation of Metaphysics", in. prior principles did not exist. [23], Although in the early 18th century the concepts of force and momentum had been long understood, the idea of energy as transferable between different systems was still in its infancy, and would not be fully resolved until the 19th Century. The Du Châtelet contribution was the hypothesis of the conservation of total energy, as distinct from momentum. m [5][27] To raise the money to pay back her debts she devised an ingenious financing arrangement similar to modern derivatives, whereby she paid tax collectors a fairly low sum for the right to their future earnings (they were allowed to keep a portion of the taxes they collected for the King), and promised to pay the court gamblers part of these future earnings.[5]. Activate on an appropriate tile to receive their effects. ↵ Emily Grosholz, “Candles in the Dark: Emilie Du Chatelet and Mary Somerville,” The Hudson Review, no. Who was she? People who defied convention in previous centuries lend us strength today. . Deze vertaling is in het Franse taalgebied nog steeds toonaangevend. National Public Radio Morning Edition, 27 November 2006: Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations, Épître à l'Auteur du Livre des Trois Imposteurs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Émilie_du_Châtelet&oldid=999137732, Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772), Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Zinsser, Judith and Hayes, Julie, eds. Initially, she was tutored in algebra and calculus by Moreau de Maupertuis, a member of the Academy of Sciences; although mathematics was not his forte, he had received a solid education from Johann Bernoulli, who also taught Leonhard Euler. Her eldest brother, René-Alexandre, died in 1720, and the next brother, Charles-Auguste, died in 1731. 16–17; for a quite different account, see Bodanis, pp. Because of her well-known collaboration and romantic involvement with Voltaire, which spanned much of her adult life, for generations Du Châtelet has been known as mistress and collaborator to her much better known intellectual companion. Emilie Du Chatelet is a Renaissance Era Great Scientist in Civilization VI. Stats , where Her translation and commentary of the Principia contributed to the completion of the scientific revolution in France and to its acceptance in Europe. 5. "[15], In May 1748, Du Châtelet began an affair with the poet Jean François de Saint-Lambert and became pregnant. Émilie du Châtelet is one of the six members of the Governing Council, belonging to the Sorority, the female wing of the Council. its speed. She was able to contribute further to the campaign by a laudatory review in the Journal des savants. Emilie du Chatelet Le TONNELIER de BRETEUIL. m Numerous biographies, books and plays have been written about her life and work in the two centuries since her death. Her book Institutions de Physique[21] ("Lessons in Physics") was published in 1740; it was presented as a review of new ideas in science and philosophy to be studied by her 13 year old son, but it incorporated and sought to reconcile complex ideas from the leading thinkers of the time. Files. 9. Emmy Noether later proved this to be true for all problems where the initial state is symmetric in generalized coordinates. With the exception of Leibniz, earlier workers like Newton believed that "energy" was indistinct from momentum and therefore proportional to velocity. It is now accepted that the total mechanical momentum of a system is conserved and none is lost to friction. Added in the Rise and Fall expansion pack. Her philosophical magnum opus, Institutions de Physique (Paris, 1740, first edition), or Foundations of Physics, circulated widely, generated heated debates, and was republished and translated into several other languages within two years of its original publication. [4], Du Châtelet invited Voltaire to live at her country house at Cirey in Haute-Marne, northeastern France, and he became her long-time companion. [13] She thus became the first woman to have a scientific paper published by the Academy. [14], Du Châtelet's relationship with Voltaire caused her to give up most of her social life to become more involved with her study in mathematics with the teacher of Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis. Émilie is an opera – specifically a 9-scene, 75-minute monodrama for soprano – by Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho to a libretto by Amin Maalouf.It was written in 2008. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Emilie tackled historic scientific problems. MathPages. its mass and Du Châtelet wrote a critical analysis of the entire Bible. Consultáu'l 4 d'agostu de 2011. Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise du Châtelet-Laumont (* 17. Must be on a completed Commercial Hub. Movement Emilie menikah dengan Marquis Florent-Claude de Châtelet-Lomont, seorang atase militer di kerajaan Prancis pada tahun 1725. 2007. Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise du Châtelet (French pronunciation: [emili dy ʃɑtlɛ] (); 17 December 1706 – 10 September 1749) was a French natural philosopher and mathematician during the early 1730s until her untimely death due to childbirth complications in 1749. Portrait «The Portraits of Emilie du Chatelet» (inglés). Ruth Hagengruber, “Emilie Du Châtelet, 1706–1749: Transformer of Metaphysics and Scientist,” The Mathematical Intelligencer 38, no. She also reverses Locke's negation of the principle of contradiction, which would constitute the basis of her methodic reflections in the Institutions. v [citation needed]. 1 In 1741 du Châtelet published a book titled Réponse de Madame la Marquise du Chastelet, a la lettre que M. de Mairan. She did not let motherhood or gender roles change Du Châtelet died on 10 September 1749,[16] at Lunéville, from a pulmonary embolism. Ruth Hagengruber: "Émilie du Châtelet between Leibniz and Newton: The Transformation of Metaphysics", in: Hagengruber, Ruth 2011: Émilie du Châtelet between Leibniz and Newton, Springer 1-59, p. 1 and 23, footnote 4 and 113. Civilization 6 Wiki Guide. À quel endroit le couple Emilie du Châtelet et Voltaire a-t-il vécu de 1734 à 1749 ? 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